phenotypically plastic什么意思？生态学方面的词汇

absolute reproductive value绝对生殖值

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abundance 多度

abyssal zone 深海带

acclimation 驯化

accumulation horizon 淀积层

aestivation 夏眠

age structure 年龄结构

age-specific life table 特定年龄生命表

agroecosystem 农业生态系统

alleles 等位基因

allelochemic 异种信息素/种间外激素

Allen’s rule 阿伦法则

allogenic succession 异发演替

allopatric speciation 异域性物种

altruism 利他行为

asexual reproduction 无性生殖

association group 群丛组

association table 群丛表

association unit theory 群丛单位理论

association 群丛

associations 群丛

Autecology 个体生态学

autogenic succession 自发演替

autotrophs 自养生物

Acid precipitation 酸沉降

Acid rain 酸雨

Agricultural eco-engineering 农业生态工程

Agricultural ecology, agroecology 农业生态学

Agricultural economical zoning 农业经济区位

Agricultural resources 农业资源

Agroecosystem 农业生态系统

Agroforestry 农林业系统

Allee’s principle 阿利氏群聚原则

Allelochemicals 化感物质

Allelopathy 化感作用

Artificial auxiliary energy 人工辅助能

Artificial direct regulation 人工直接调控

Artificial information flow 人工信息流

Auxiliary energy 辅助能

balancing selection hypothesize 平衡说

basal area 底面积

Bergman’s rule 贝格曼规律

bethal zone 半深海带

biocoenosis 生物群落

bioconcentration 生物浓缩

biological enrichment 生物富集

biomagnification 生物放大

biomass 生物量

biome 生物带

bionomic strategy 生态对策

biosphere生物圈

Biodynamic agriculture 生物动力农业

Biogecochemical cycle 生物地球化学循环

Biological agriculture 生物农业

Biological control 生物防治

Biological energy subsidies 生物辅助能

Biological oxygen demand (BOD) 生化需氧量（生化耗氧量）

Biomass 生物量

Bionomic strategies 生态对策

Biological micro-cycle 生物小循环

bottle neck 瓶颈

C3 plant C3植物

C4 plant C4 植物

CAM plant CAM植物

Capital flow 资金流

Carrying capacity 环境容纳量

Chemical ecology 化学生态学

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 化学耗氧量

Chinese Ecological Agriculture 中国生态农业

Climax 顶极群落

Coase’s theory 高斯理论

Coevolution 协同进化

Commensalisms 偏利作用

Community 群落

Competition 竞争

Competition exclusion principle 竞争排斥原理

Components structure 组分结构

Controlled availability fertilizers, CAFs 控效肥料

Crop productivity potential 作物生产潜力

cannibalism 同种相食

carnivores 食肉动物

carring capacity 负荷量

catastrophic 灾难性因素

chamaephytes(Ch) 地上芽植物

character displacement 特征替代

cheliophytes 阴性植物

climate climax 气候顶级

climate school 气候学派

climax community 顶级群落

climax 顶级群落

cline 渐变群

closed community 封闭群落

clumped 集群分布

coadapted system 协同适应系统

coarse grained 粗粒性分布

co-dynamics 相互动态

co-evolution 协同进化

cohort 同生群

cold desert 冷荒漠

colonization 定居, 建群

coloration 色泽

communities in littoral zone 沿岸生物群落

communities in the limnetic zone 湖沼带生物群落

communities in the profundal zone 深水带生物群落

Community ecology 群落生态学

community matrix 群落矩阵

community organization 群落组织

community 群落

companion species 伴生种

compen-satory predation 补偿性捕食

competition coefficient 竞争系数

competition hypothesis 竞争假说

competitive exclusion 竞争排除

competive lottery 抽彩式竞争

conservation 保守主义者

conspicuousness 显著度

constancy 恒有度

contest competition 干扰竞争

contest type of competition 争夺型竞争

continental rise 大陆隆

continental shelf 大陆架

continental slope 大陆坡

convergent adaptation 趋同适应

convergent oscillation 趋同波动

cost of gene recombination 基因重组价

cost of mating 交配价

cost of meiosis 减数分裂价

courtship behavior 求偶行为

coverage 盖度

crude density 原始密度

cryptophytes(Cr) 隐芽植物

Decomposer 分解者

Desertification 土地沙漠化

Detritus food chain 腐食食物链

decomposition 分解作用

delayed density dependence 延后密度制约

density effect 密度效应

density ratio 密度比

density-dependent 密度制约

density-independent 非密度制约

deterministic model 决定模型

detrial food chain 碎 食物链

detritus feeder 食碎生物

development 发育

diagrammatic life table 图解式生命表

diapause 滞育

differential species 区别种

diffuse competition 分散竞争

diominant-submissive 支配—从属

directional selection 定向选择

discrete generation 离散世代

disruptive selection 分裂选择

disturbance climax/disclimax 偏途顶级

divergent oscillation 趋异波动

dominance 优势度

dominant species 建群种

dominant species 优势种

dominant-submissive 支配—从属关系

dry desert 干荒漠

dynamic classification 动态分类系统

dynamic life table 动态生命表

dynamic-composite life table 动态混合生命表

earth nucleus 地幔

earth’s crust 地核

Ecological amplitude 生态幅

ecological density 生态密度

ecological dominance 生态优势

ecological environment 生态环境

ecological equivalent 生态等值种

ecological factor 生态因子

ecological force 生态力

ecological invasion 生态入侵

ecological natality 生态出生率

ecological release 生态释放

Ecology生态学

ecosystem development 生态系统的发育

Ecosystem ecology 生态系统生态学

ecosystem 生态系统

ecotone hypothesis 生态交错带假说

ecotype 生态型

ectotherm 外温动物

edge effect 边缘效应

eitolation phenomenon 黄化现象

emergy 能值

emigration 迁出

endogenous migration 内因性迁移

endotherm 内温动物

environment hormone 环境激素

environment 环境

equilibrium theory 平衡理论

euphotic zone 透光带

euryecious 广栖的

euryhaline 广盐性的

euryhydric 广水性的

euryphagic 广食性的

eurythermal 广温性的

eurytopic species 广适种

eutrophication 富营养化

evergreen hardwood forest 常绿硬材林

Evolution ecology 进化生态学

evolution force 进化力

exogenous migration 外因性迁移

exploitive competition 利用竞争

exponetial growth 指数增长

Eco-economical zoning 生态经济区位

Ecological agriculture 生态农业

Ecological agriculture model (pattern) 生态农业模式

Ecological density 生态密度

Ecological effect 生态效益

Ecological efficiency 生态效率

Ecological factor 生态因子

Ecological engineering 生态工程

Ecological pyramid 生态金字塔（生态锥体）

Ecological succession 演替

Ecological sustainability 生态持续性

Ecology 生态学

Economic effect 经济效益

Economic externality 经济外部性

Ecosystem 生态系统

Ecotone 群落交错区（生态交错区）

Ecotope 景观元素（生态点）

Ecotype 生态型

Edge effect 边缘效应

Embodied energy 内含能

Emergent property of system 系统的整合特性

Energy 能值

Energy analysis 能流分析

Energy flow chart 能流图

Energy flow path 能流路径

Energy flow structure 能流结构

Energy flowing 能量流

Entropy 熵

Eutrophication 富营养化

Exponential growth form 种群指数增长模式

External benefit 收益外泄

External cost 成本外摊

Feed back 反馈作用

First law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律

Fish pond-dike system 基塘系统

Flow 流

Food chain 食物链

Food chain structure 食物链结构

Food web 食物网

Free energy 自由能

First law of resources economic资源经济学第一定律

Functional component adundence 功能组分冗余

facultative parthenogenesis 孤雌生殖

facultative parthenogenesis 兼性孤雌生殖

facultative 兼性因素

family selection 家庭选择

farmland ecosystem 农田生态系统

fecundity schedule 生育力表

fecundity 生育力

feedback 反馈

feeding niches 取食生态位

filter food 滤食性生物

fine grained 细粒性分布

finite rate of increase 周限增长率

fitness 合适度

floristic-structural classification 植物区系—结构分类系统

fluctuation 波动

food chain 食物链

formation group 群系组

formation 群系

formation 植物群系

foundational niche 基础生态龛

freshwater ecology 淡水生态学

freshwater ecosystem 淡水生态系统

function response 功能反应

gamete selection 配子选择

gaps 缺口

gaseous cycle 气体循环

geng pool 基因库

geographic variation 地理变异

geographical theory of speciation 物种形成

geometric growth 几何级数增长

geophytes(G) 地下芽植物

global ecology 全球生态

gradient hypothesis 梯度假说

grain 粒性

grazer 牧食生物

grazing food chain 捕食食物链

greenhouse effect 温室效应

gregarization pheromone 聚集信息素

gross primary production 总初级生产力

group selection 群体选择

group selection 群体选择

group selection 群选择

growth form 生长型

guild 同资源团

habal zone 深渊带

habitat 生境

heath 石楠群丛

height 高度

hemicryptophytes(He) 地面芽植物

herbivore 植食

herbivores 植食动物

heterotrophic succession 异养演替

heterotrophs 异养生物

hibernation 冬眠

homeostasis 内稳态

homeostasis 自调节稳态

homeostatic organism 内稳态生物

homeostatic process 内稳定过程

human demography 人口统计学

Human ecology 人类生态学

humus 腐殖质

hydrarch succession 水生演替

hydrosere 水生演替系列

immigration 迁入

importance value 重要值

individual converse rate 个体转化率

industrial melanism 工业黑化现象

inner capacity increase 内禀增长力

inner-environment 内环境

instantaneous rate of increase 瞬间增长率

intensity 强度

interference competition 干扰竞争

interference competition 干扰竞争

intermediate disturbance hypothesis 中度干扰假说

internal distribution pattern 内分布型

interspecfic relationship 种间关系

intertidal zone 潮间带

intraspecific relationship 种内关系

inversely density dependent 反密度制约

Island ecology 岛屿生态学

iteroparity 多次繁殖生物

iteroparous 多次生殖

Jordan’s rule 约丹定律

keystone species 关键种

kin selection 亲属选择

kin selection 亲属选择

k-strategists k-策略者

land cover 土地覆盖

land use 土地利用

Landscape ecology 景观生态学

law of constant final yield 最后产量衡值法则

law of the minimum 最小因子法则

law of tolerance 耐受性法则

layer 层

leached layer 淋溶层

leaf area index 叶面积指数

leaf area index（LAS） 叶面积指数

lentic ecosystem 静水生态系统

life cycle 生活周期

life expectancy 生命期望

life form spectrum 生活型谱

life form 生活型

life history strategy 生活史对策

life history 生活史

lifespan 生活年限

lifetime 寿命

limit of tolerance 忍受性限度

littoral zone 沿岸带

lotic ecosystem 流水生态系统

macroclimate 大气候

macrofauna 大型生物

Marine ecology 海洋生态学

marine ecosystem 海洋生态系统

maximum natality 最大出生率

maximum sustained yield 最大持续生产量

megafauna 巨型生物

mexofauna 中型生物

microclimate 小气候

microcolony 微菌落

microcommunities 小群落

micro-ecosystem 微生态系统

micro-environment 微环境

microfauna 小型生物

microplankton 小型浮游生物

migration 迁徙

migration 迁移

modular organism 构件生物

modules 构件

Molecular ecology 分子生态学

monoclimax theory 单元演替顶级

monocultute 单种养殖

monogamy 单配偶制

monpohagous 单食性

monsoon forest 季风林

mortality curve 死亡曲线

mortality 死亡率

mosaic 镶嵌性

natality 出生率

n-dimensional niche n维生态龛

negative feedback 负反馈

net primary production(GP) 净初级生产力

neutrality controversy 中性说论战

niche compression 生态位压缩

niche separation 生态位分离

niche shift 生态位分离

niche 生态位

non-equilibrium theory 非平衡理论

non-homeostatic organism 非内稳态生物

obiotic component 非生物成分

ocean-current 洋流

ohort life table 同群生命表

omnivores 杂食动物

open community 开放群落

open shrublands 稀疏灌丛

opportunist 机会主义者

ordination 排序

ornamentation 修饰

panclimax 泛顶级

关于英语词缀

英语常见词根词缀表

使用说明：下表中黑体字部分为词根和前后缀及其变体；两斜杠之间的斜体字为词根词缀的

含义；其后是例词。变体和原体的含义相同，只是由于元音或辅音的发音关系，

原体发生了变化，产生了变体而已。

例如：在“a-, an- / without, lacking, not / asymmetric, apolitical, anemia”例条中，

a- 和 an- 为前缀，其中 an- 为 a- 的变体；/ without, lacking, not / 为该前缀的含

义；而asymmetric, apolitical和anemia为例词。

前缀:

a-, an- / without, lacking, not / asymmetric, apolitical, asexual, anemia, anarchy

ab-, a-, abs- / from, away from / abduct, abjure, abdication, avert, abstain

ad-, ac-, af-, ag-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at- / to, forward / admit, adjure, accord, affliction,

aggregation, annexation, apparition, arraignment, assumption, attendance

ambi- / both / ambidextrous, ambivalent

amphi- / round, about / amphitheater, amphigens

an-, ana- / up; up through, back / anatomy, analysis, anachronism

ante-, anti- / before / antecedent, antebellum, anticipate

anti- / counter, against / antibiotic, antibody, antisocial, antifascist

apo- / away, from / apostasy, apostle

ar-, arch- /chief, principal / archangel, archenemy, architect

be- / to make, to take from / belittle, befriend, betake, bespeak

belli- / war / belligerent, rebellious, bellicose

ben-, bon- / good, well / benefit, benediction, benign, bonus

bi- / two / bicycle, bilateral, bisect, bipolar, bivalence

biblio- / book / bibliography, bibliophile, Bible

by- / aside or apart from the common, secondary / by-product, bypass, byname

cat- / downwards, under, against / catacomb, catechise, catastrophe

circu-, circum- / around / circumnavigation, circumlocution, circumspection, circuit

com-, con-, col-, cor-, co- / together, with / combine, compassion, contract, concentric,

collaborate, correspond, cooperation

contra- / against / contradiction, contraband, contrast

de- / down from, away / decapitate, dehydrate, dehumanize, degrade

demi- / a half or a part of / demi-god, demilune, demiwolf

di-, dia- / through, across / diode, diameter, dialog, dialectics

dif-, dis- / not, the opposite, apart / different, diffuse, disagree, divert, dispel

dys- / badly, with difficulty, hard / dyscrasia, dyslexia, dyspepsia

e- / out / emigrant, egress, emit, elope, ejaculate, eject

ec-, ef-, ex- / an outcome of / effect, effulgence, ecstasy, eccentric, expire

em-, en- / to make / employ, embrace, enable, enrich

em-, en- / in, on, into / encage, enclose, embalm, emphasis, energy

epi- / on, outer, over / epidermis, epicenter, epitaph

equi- / equal / equilateral, equilibrium, equivalent

ex-, exo-, extra- / from, out of, without / export, exodus, exotic, ex-officio, extraordinary

eu- / beautiful, good / eulogize, eugenics, euphemism

for- / not, against, away / forget, forbid, forgo, forfend

fore- / before, in front of / forehead, foretell, forefather

hemi- / a half / hemisphere, hemistich, hemicrania

hetero- / denoting dissimilarity / heterogeneous, heterodox, heterarchy

homo- / denoting similarity / homogeneous, homonym, homosexual

hydro- / water / hydraulics, hydrometer, hydropathy

hyper- / over, beyond, excessive / hypertension, hypercritical, hypersensitive

hypo- / under, beneath, down / hypothesis, hypothermia, hypocrisy

im-, in-, il-, ir- / in, into, on / imbibe, import, income, input, illustration, irrigation

im-, in-, il-, ir- / not / impossible, immature, inconsiderate, ineffectual, illegal, irresponsible

infra- / under, beneath / infrared, infra-structure, infra-costal

inter- / between / international, interpersonal, interaction, Internet

intra-, intro- / within / intramural, intravenous, Intranet, introduction, introspection

iso- / equality or similarity / isocheimal, isochomatic

kilo- /a thousand/ kilogram, kilowatt, kilometer

magna- /big, great/ magnanimous, magnitude, magnum

macro- / big / macrocomputer, macrocontrol, macroeconomy

mal- / bad, wrong / malnutrition, maltreatment, malapropism

mega- / of great size / megaphone, megaton, megalopolis, megavolt

meta- / beyond, transcending / metaphor, metaphysics, meta-memory

micro- /small / microcomputer, microcontrol, microeconomy

milli- /a thousand/ millennium, millimeter, millisecond

mis- / bad, wrong / mistake, misspelling, mispronounce, mislead

mono- / one, alone / monotony, monogamy, monochrome

multi- / many / multiple choice, multilateral, multimedia

neo- / new / neo-Confucianism, neolithic, neology, neodoxy

neu- / non-partial / neutral, neutron

neuro- / nerve / neurology, neurotic, neurasthemia

non- / not, reversing the sense / nonalignment, nonsmoker, nonsense

ob-, oc-, of-, o-, op- / in the way of, against / object, obsolete, occasion, offend, omit, oppose

omni- / all / omnivorous, omnibus, omniscient

out- / beyond, exceeding / outbid, outbreak

over- / beyond, excessive / overwork, overawe, overcoat

paleo- / old, anscient / paleoanthropology, paleobiology, paleolithic

pan-, panta- / all, everything / pan-America, pantomime, pandemonium

para- / alike, comparison, unlike / paraphrase, paradox, parody

peri- / around / peripheral, periscope, perimeter

poly- / many / polytechnic, polymer, polyglot

post- / after / postgraduate, posthumous, postwar

pre- / before / prewar, prepare, preposition, preschool

pro-, por-, pur- / forward, forth / progress, proceed, portend, pursue

pseud- / false or spurious / pseudo-science, pseudo-membrane, pseudonym

re-, retro- / back, again / regression, review, retrospect, retrogressive

se- / aside, separating / secede, seduce, sedition, separate

semi- (hemi-) / half, partly / semiconductor, semifinal, semicircle, hemisphere

sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sus-, / under / submit, submarine, succeed, suffix, suggest, support

sustain, subsonic

super- / above, greater, better / supersonic, supermarket, superpower, superiority

syn-, sym- / with, together / sympathy, symmetry, synchronic, synonym

trans- / across / transport, transplant, translation, transcontinental

tri- / three / tricycle, triple, triangle

ultra- / beyond, excessive, extreme / ultrasonic, ultraviolet

un- / not / undecided, unimportant

under- / beneath, lower in rank or degree / underdog, underfeed, undercoat

uni- / one / unite, unification, uniform

up- / upwards / uproot, upcast, upstart

with- / opposition, privation / withdraw, withstand

后缀:

-able, -ible / adj. capable of, fit for / eatable, workable, considerable, sizable

-ac /adj. like, pertaining to / cardiac, maniac

-age, -ance, -ence, -ancy, -ency /n. signifying the state of being / coinage, acceptance,

existence, constancy, consistency

-ate / v. to make / activate, motivate, originate

-cle, -cule / adj. or n. small, little / particle, sickle, animalcule, miniscule

-dom / n. signifying dominion, office / kingdom, officialdom

-er, -or, -eer / n. one who / worker, writer, professor, engineer

-fy / v. to make / beautify, purify, simplify

-ic, -ical / adj. relating to, having the nature of / historic, economic, biblical, mechanical

-ics /n. study / economics, physics, linguistics

-il, -ile /adj. having the property of / civil, juvenile, puerile, ductile

-ism / n. action or practice, theory or doctrine / mechanism, imperialism, dogmatism

-ist / n. one who / physicist, communist, cyclist

-ity / n. condition, quality / activity, flexibility, identity, probability, feasibility

-ize / v. to make / modernize, revolutionize, popularize, realize

-logy / n. study, work / geology, psychology, metallurgy

-ment, -mony / n. the state of being / experiment, movement, harmony, hegemony

-ness / n. condition, quality, state of being / carelessness, sadness, illness

-oid / n. like, resembling / asteroid, mongoloid, anthropoid

-ous, -ious, -ose /adj. having the quality of / industrious, dangerous, bellicose

-ship / n. the state or quality of / sportsmanship, partnership, friendship

-tion, -ation, -sion /n. condition, the act of / information, reflection, extroversion

-tude, -ty / n. signifying the property / attitude, altitude, radioactivity, tenacity

-ward(s) / signifying direction / eastward, homeward, upward

(常见的拉丁或希腊语词尾):

-us cactus, alumnus, impetus (original plural form: “i”, alumni)

-a alumna, vita, formula (original plural form: “i”, alumni, or “ae”, formulae)

-um datum, curriculum (original plural form: “a”, data, curricula)

-ia, -sis, -tis (medical terms) anoxia, anemia, dyslexia, tuberculosis, hepatitis, meningitis

词根:

-acr- / sharp / acrimonious, acerbity, acidulate

-act-, -ag- / to do / action, reaction, agent,

-aev- / age, era / primeval, coeval, medieval

-agog- / leader / demagogue, pedagogue

-agri-, -agrari- / field / agriculture, agrarian, peregrination

-ali- / another / alias, aliens, inalienable

-ann-, -en- / year / annual, anniversary, centennial, biennial

-anim- / spirit / unanimous, magnanimous, animation

-anthrop- / human / anthropology, misanthrope, philanthropist

-aqua- / water / aquatic sports, aquarium, aquanaut

-arch- / government, chief, leader / monarchy, anarchy, archbishop

-aster-, -astro-, -stellar- / star / asteroid, astronomy, constellation

-audi- / hear / auditor, auditorium, audio-visual lab

-auto- / self / autobiography, automation, automobile, autism

-belli- / fight, war / bellicose, belligerent, rebellion

-bio- / life / biology, biography, biochemical, antibiotics

-bon-, -ben- / good / bonus, debonair, benefit, benign, benediction

-brev- / short / brief, abbreviate, brevity

-cad-, -cas- / to fall / cadence, decadent, accident

-cap-, -capt-, -cep- / to take / capture, precept, participate

-cap-, -capit- / head, chief / capital, captain, decapitation, per capita income

-carn- / flesh, body / carnivore, incarnation

-ced-, -cess- / go, move, yield / precede, recede, succeed, antecedent, secede, process

-cent- / one hundred / century, centennial, percentage, centigrade, centipede

-centr- / center / central, concentric, centrifugal, concentrate

-chrom- / color / monochrome, trichromatic chromosome

-chron- / time / chronology, anachronism, synchronic, chronicle

-cid-, cis- / cut / incision, homicide, precision

-cit- / call / excite, incite, recite

-civi- / citizen / civil, civilian, civilization

-clam- / to cry out / clamorous, acclamation, exclaim

-claud-, -claus-, -clos-, -clud- / to close / claustrophobia, enclose, conclude

-cogno- / knowledge, knowing / cognition, recognition, incognito, acognostic

-comp- / to fill / complete, complement, comply

-cord- / heart / accord, cordial, discord

-corp- / body / corpse, corps, incorporation, corporeal

-cred- / to believe / credence, incredulous, incredible

-cur- / to care / curator, sinecure, to cure

-curr-, -curs- / course, to run / excursion, current, precursor, curriculum

-cycle- / cycle / bicycle, tricycle, recycle

-dat- / to give / data, mandate, date

-demo- / people / demography, democracy, demagogue, epidemic

-deb- / to owe / debt, indebtedness, debenture

-derm- / skin / epidermis, pachyderm, dermatology

-di-, -diurn- / daytime / diary, diurnal, journal

-dic- / say, speak / dictation, dictionary, dictator, contradiction

-doc- / to teach / docile, doctrine, document, doctor

-domin- / to rule / dominate, domain, indomitable

-duc- / lead / aqueduct, conductor, education, viaduct

-dynam- / power, strength / dynamite, dynamo, dynamics

-ego- / self / egocentric, egotism

-erg- / to work / energy, ergatocracy, metallurgy

-err- / to wander, to deviate / error, erratic, errand

-fact-, -fect- / make, do / factory, manufacture, effect, affect

-fall-, -fals- / to deceive / fallacy, infallible, falsification

-fer- / to bring, to bear / ferry, transfer, coniferous, refer

-flect- / bend / inflexible, reflect

-gam- / marriage / monogamy, bigamy, polygamy

-gen- / produce, birth / gene, generator, eugenic, generation

-geo- / earth / geology, geothermal, geometric

-graph-, -gram- / writing / geography, biography, telegram, diagram

-greg- / group, together / gregarious, aggregate, egregious

-helio- / the sun / heliotrope, heliograph, helium

-homo- / of human / homicide, homunculus,

-hydr- / water, of hydrogen / hydraulic, dehydrate, hydrotherapy, hydrocarbon, hydroxide

-it-, -itiner- / journey, road / exit, itinerary, reiterate

-jac-, -jec- / to throw / ejaculate, project, reject

-jur- / to swear / jury, abjure, perjury, jurisdiction

-lab-, -labor- / to work / laboratory, collaborate, laborious

-leg- / law / legislature, legal, legitimate

-leg-, -lect- / to choose / election, select, legible, eligible

-lib- / book / library, libretto, libel

-locu-, -log-, -loq- / to talk / elocution, monologue, soliloquy, eloquent

-luc- / light / elucidate, lucid, translucent

-magn- / big, great / magnum, magnanimous, magnify

-man- / hand / manufacture, manuscript, manicure, emancipation

-mar-, -mer- / sea, ocean / submarine, mermaid, marinology

-mit-, -miss- / send / transmit, emit, transmission, emission, permit, permission

-mon-, -monit- / to warn / admonish, premonition, monitor

-morph- / form, structure / morphology, morpheme, anthropomorphism

-mort-, -mori- / death / mortal, mortuary, moribund

-nav- / ship / navy, navigation, naval

-onym-, -nom- / name / synonym, pseudonym, nomenclature, nomination, misnomer

-oper- / to work / operation, cooperate, opera

-pac- / peace / pacify, pacifist, Pacific Ocean

-pathy- / feeling / sympathy, antipathy, telepathy, empathy

-pel- / to drive / compel, dispel, repel, propel

-pet-, -petit- / to seek / petition, compete, appetite

-phil- / love / Anglophile, hydrophilic, philosophy, philanthropist

-phob- / hate, fear / claustrophobia, acrophobia, xenophobia

-phon- / sound / telephone, microphone, phonology

-pod-, -ped- / foot / tripod, pedestrian, centripetal

-pon-, -pos- / position / postpone, position, preposition, positive

-polis- / city / metropolis, Indianapolis

-port- / carry / porter, portable, transport, exportation

-pseudo- / false, sham / pseudonym, pseudo-science, pseudology, pseudomorph

-psych- / mind / psychology, psychoanalysis, psywar

-put-, -putat- / to trim, to calculate / amputate, compute, putative, reputation

-que-, -qui- / to ask / question, query, request, inquisitive, prerequisite

-rid-, -ris- / to laugh / ridiculous, risibility, derision

-rog- / to ask / interrogate, prerogative, derogatory

-rupt- / to break / rupture, interrupt, eruption, bankrupt

-sci- / knowledge / science, omniscient, consciousness

-scrib-, -script- / write / scribble, inscribe, description, prescription, manuscript, scripture

-sed-, -sess- / to sit / session, sedentary, president, residence

-sens-, -sent- / to think, to feel / sense, sensitive, sensation, resent, consent

-sequ-, -secut- / follow / sequence, consequence, consecutive

-sol-, -solut- / to loosen / solvent, solution, absolve, dissolute, absolute

-son- / sound / subsonic, consonant, resonant, ultrasonic

-spect- / look at / spectrum, inspection, circumspection, retrospection

-spir- / breathe / spirit, aspiration, respiration

-soph- / wise / philosophy, sophisticate, sophomore

-tang-, -tact- / to touch / tangent, tangible, contact, contingent

-tele- / far / television, telephone, telediagnosis, telex

-temp- / mood / temper, temperament, temptation, contemptuous

-tempor- / time / temporary, contemporary, extemporaneous, temporize

-ten-, -tent- / to hold / tenable, tenacity, content, tenure

-terr- / land, earth / territory, subterranean, extraterrestrial, Mediterranean, inter

-theo-, -the- / god / theology, atheism, theory, pantheism

-therm- / heat / thermos bottle, thermometer, geothermal energy

-urb- / city / urban, suburban, urbane

-urn- / day / diurnal, nocturnal, journal

-ven-, -vent- / come / intervene, prevention, convention

-ver- / true / verify, verily, verisimilar, veracious

-via- / way / viaduct, deviation, trivial

-vid-, -vis- / see / video, visualize, vision, vista

-vinc-, -van- / conquer / victory, invincible, vanquish, vanity

-voc-, -vok- / call / vocation, revoke, invoke, provoke

-volv-, -volut- / to roll, to turn / evolve, revolve, convolution

尿液数据法计算动力学参数和生物利用度与血药浓度法相比，有何优缺点

药物的体内过程包括吸收、分布、代谢、排泄等过程，其中每一过程既有区别，又有联系，观察一个方面的变化，常可间接地认识另一方面的情况。所以药物在体内的速度过程变化规律，既可用血药浓度法来估算，也可用尿药浓度法来估算。

药物从体内排泄的途径，主要为肾排泄。尿中药物的排泄不是以恒速进行，而是与血药浓度成正比的一级速度过程。在多数情况下，尿药浓度高于血药浓度，而且尿药法定量分析精密度好，测定方法较易建立，取样方便，用药对象可免受多次抽血的痛苦。因此，在药物服用后，有较多原形药物从尿中排泄的条件下，通常可用尿药浓度法估算消除速度常数、生物半衰期等动力学参数。尿中原形药物经肾排泄的速度过程，可表示为：

=KeX 28-1

Ke为一级肾排泄速度常数，Xu为t时间排泄于尿中原形药物累积量，X为t时间体内药物量。

若静脉注射给药时，体内药量的经时过程可表示为：

X=Xoe-kt 28-2

Xo为给药剂量，K为一级消除速度常数。

将28-2式中X值代入28-1式后得：

=KeXoe-kt 28-3

两边取对数得：

lg =lgKeXo- 28-4

由28-4式可知，原形药物排泄速度的对数对时间作图为一直线，该直线的斜率为- ，与血药浓度的对数对时间作图所得的斜率相同。通过直线斜率即可求出药物的消除速度常数。

若口服给药，则体内药量经时过程可由下式表示：

X= （e-Kt-e-Kat） 28-5

Ka为一级吸收速度常数。

尿中原形药物的瞬时排泄速度可用28-5式代入28-1式得：

= （e-Kt-e-Kat） 28-6

当KaK，t充分大时，则e-kat→0，28-5式简化为：

= e-Kt 28-7

两边取对数得：

lg =lg - 28-8

由以上关系式可知，若以lgdXu/dt对t作图，可得到一条二项指数曲线，从其后段直线的斜率可求出一级消除速度常数K。

由于尿中原形药物排泄速度的瞬时变化率是不可能用实验方法测出的，通过实验只可求出平均尿药排泄速度，设在某段时间间隔Δt内原形药物的排泄量为ΔXu，则平均排泄速度为 ，如中点时间为tc，这样28-4或28-8式可改写如下：

lg =lgKeXo- tc 28-9

lg =lg - tc 28-10

这样以lg →tc作图,由于实验中采用平均排泄速度代替瞬时排泄速度，求得的消除速度常数K会出现较大的误差。但若以相同的时间间隔集尿，其时间间隔不超过一倍的药物的半衰期时，则仅产生2%以内的偏差。

（200分）请英语高手帮忙翻译一小段文章。（请不要用机器翻译，我试了不行啊）

不难嘛，但是请先解释你这里“预设“和“生成“具体指的是什么。翻译最忌讳断章取义。完了我给你翻。

A thorough preparation is indispensable for having a successful and effective class, nor is an interactive implementation. How to effectively combine the two together has become the question to be answered, especially under the idea of New Curriculum. Based on the research on preparation and implementation, this paper presents some thoughts on chemistry classroom teaching in the New Curriculum background, that is, preparation is the root of classroom teaching, while implementation is the soul. Nothing but to unity the two and bring them into harmony can make a lively and active chemistry class.