(概念)
路径:从一个节点到另一个节点的分支
路径长度:从一个节点到另一个节点的分支总数
节点的带权路径:该节点到根节点之间路径长度与权值的乘积
树的带权路径长度(WPL):所有叶子节点的带权路径长度之和
赫夫曼树采取静态存储的方式,以下面为例:
所需头文件:
#includeusing namespace std;
#include#include#include
初始化树:
const int n = 8; //叶子个数(权值个数)
const int m = 2 * n; //树节点个数+1(第0下标不放值,是标记位)
typedef unsigned int WeightType; //权值类型
typedef unsigned int NodeType; //节点类型
typedef struct //树节点
{WeightType weight;
NodeType parent, leftchild, rightchild;
}HtNode;
typedef HtNode HuffmanTree[m]; //赫夫曼树
void InitHuffmanTree(HuffmanTree hft,const WeightType w[])
{for (int i = 0; i< n; i++)
{hft[i + 1].weight = w[i];
}
}
打印树:
void PrintHuffmanTree(HuffmanTree hft)
{cout<< "(赫夫曼树:)"<< endl;
for (int i = 1; i< m; i++)
{cout<< " index: "<< i<< "\tweight: "<< hft[i].weight<< "\tparent: "<< hft[i].parent<< "\tLchild: "<< hft[i].leftchild<< "\tRchild: "<< hft[i].rightchild<< endl;
}
cout<< endl<< endl;
}
主函数:
int main()
{WeightType w[n] = {5,29,7,8,14,23,3,11 };
HuffmanTree hft = {0 };
InitHuffmanTree(hft, w);
PrintHuffmanTree(hft);
return 0;
}
初始化结果:
使用优先级队列来存放存有下标和权值的结构体,使用greater:将数据大的下沉(形成小顶堆),使用less:将小数据下沉(形成大顶堆)
代码实现:
struct IndexWeight
{int index; //下标
WeightType weight; //权值
operator WeightType() const {return weight; } //重载(当用此结构体作比较时,用weight来进行比较)
};
void CreateHuffmanTree(HuffmanTree hft)
{std::priority_queue, std::greater>qu; //优先级队列(小顶堆)
for (int i = 1; i<= n; i++)
{qu.push(IndexWeight{i,hft[i].weight });
}
int k = n + 1;
while (!qu.empty())
{if (qu.empty()) {break; }
IndexWeight left = qu.top();
qu.pop();
if (qu.empty()) {break; }
IndexWeight right = qu.top();
qu.pop();
hft[k].weight = left.weight + right.weight;
hft[k].leftchild = left.index;
hft[k].rightchild = right.index;
hft[left.index].parent = k;
hft[right.index].parent = k;
qu.push(IndexWeight{k,hft[k].weight });
k++;
}
}
打印树:
void PrintHuffmanTree(HuffmanTree hft)
{cout<< "(赫夫曼树:)"<< endl;
for (int i = 1; i< m; i++)
{cout<< " index: "<< i<< "\tweight: "<< hft[i].weight<< "\tparent: "<< hft[i].parent<< "\tLchild: "<< hft[i].leftchild<< "\tRchild: "<< hft[i].rightchild<< endl;
}
cout<< endl<< endl;
}
主函数:
int main()
{WeightType w[n] = {5,29,7,8,14,23,3,11 };
HuffmanTree hft = {0 };
InitHuffmanTree(hft, w);
CreateHuffmanTree(hft);
PrintHuffmanTree(hft);
return 0;
}
构建结果:
以此赫夫曼树为例:
初始化编码原本发送"ABCDEFGH"这些字符时,每个字符都是8个二进制位(char 1字节)总共要发:8*8=64位二进制,但通过赫夫曼编码后总共要发:27位二进制,因此赫夫曼编码在文件传输时有巨大作用
代码实现:
typedef struct
{char ch; //节点对应的数据
char code[n+1]; //该节点的赫夫曼编码
}HuffmanCode;
typedef HuffmanCode HuffmanCoding[n];
void InitHuffmanCode(HuffmanCoding hfc,const char ch[])
{for(int i=0;ihfc[i].ch=ch[i];
hfc[i].code[n]={'\0'};
}
}
打印编码:
void PrinthuffmanCode(HuffmanCoding hfc)
{for (int i = 0; i< n; i++)
{cout<< " data: "<< hfc[i].ch<< " 的赫夫曼编码:"<< hfc[i].code<< endl;
}
}
主函数:
int main()
{WeightType w[n] = {5,29,7,8,14,23,3,11 };
HuffmanTree hft = {0 };
InitHuffmanTree(hft, w);
CreateHuffmanTree(hft);
PrintHuffmanTree(hft);
const char ch[n + 1] = {"ABCDEFGH" }; //必须是n+1,双引号最后会有一个'\0'
HuffmanCoding hfc = {0 };
InitHuffmanCode(hfc, ch);
PrinthuffmanCode(hfc);
return 0;
}
初始化结果:
从叶子节点向根节点走,如果是左孩子则为0,反之则为1
创建一个数组来存放0,1值,从后向前存放,这样读取的时候就是正着读取的
代码实现:
void CreateHuffmanCode(HuffmanTree hft, HuffmanCoding hfc)
{char code[n + 1] = {0 };
for (int i = 1; i<= 8; i++)
{int k = n;
int child = i;
int parent = hft[i].parent;
while (parent != 0)
{ if (child == hft[parent].leftchild)
{ code[--k] = {'0' };
}
else if (child == hft[parent].rightchild)
{ code[--k] = {'1' };
}
child = parent;
parent = hft[child].parent;
}
strcpy_s(hfc[i - 1].code, n, &code[k]);
}
}
打印编码:
void PrinthuffmanCode(HuffmanCoding hfc)
{for (int i = 0; i< n; i++)
{cout<< " data: "<< hfc[i].ch<< " 的赫夫曼编码:"<< hfc[i].code<< endl;
}
}
主函数:
int main()
{WeightType w[n] = {5,29,7,8,14,23,3,11 };
HuffmanTree hft = {0 };
InitHuffmanTree(hft, w);
CreateHuffmanTree(hft);
PrintHuffmanTree(hft);
const char ch[n + 1] = {"ABCDEFGH" }; //必须是n+1,双引号最后会有一个'\0'
HuffmanCoding hfc = {0 };
InitHuffmanCode(hfc, ch);
CreateHuffmanCode(hft, hfc);
PrinthuffmanCode(hfc);
}
构建结果:
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